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Vault7: CIA Hacking Tools Revealed

Navigation: » Latest version


Owner: User #2064619

Draft Development Tradecraft DOs and DON'Ts

SECRET//NOFORN

DRAFT

General (e.g. all PE/Mach-O/ELF or other binary files)

Directive Rationale

DO obfuscate or encrypt all strings and configuration data that directly relate to tool functionality. Consideration should be made to also only

de-obfuscating strings in-memory at the moment the data is needed. When a previously de-obfuscated value is no longer needed, it should be wiped from memory.

String data and/or configuration data is very useful to analysts and reverse-engineers.
DO NOT decrypt or de-obfuscate all string data or configuration data immediately upon execution. Raises the difficulty for automated dynamic analysis of the binary to find sensitive data.

DO explicitly remove sensitive data (encryption keys, raw collection data, shellcode, uploaded modules, etc) from memory as soon as the data is no longer needed in plain-text form. DO NOT RELY ON THE OPERATING SYSTEM TO DO THIS UPON TERMINATION OF EXECUTION.

Raises the difficulty for incident response and forensics review.
DO utilize a deployment-time unique key for obfuscation/de-obfuscation of sensitive strings and configuration data. Raises the difficulty of analysis of multiple deployments of the same tool.
DO strip all debug symbol information, manifests(MSVC artifact), build paths, developer usernames from the final build of a binary. Raises the difficulty for analysis and reverse-engineering, and removes artifacts used for attribution/origination.
DO strip all debugging output (e.g. calls to printf(), OutputDebugString(), etc) from the final build of a tool. Raises the difficulty for analysis and reverse-engineering.
DO NOT explicitly import/call functions that is not consistent with a tool's overt functionality (i.e. WriteProcessMemory, VirtualAlloc, CreateRemoteThread, etc - for binary that is supposed to be a notepad replacement). Lowers potential scrutiny of binary and slightly raises the difficulty for static analysis and reverse-engineering.
DO NOT export sensitive function names; if having exports are required for the binary, utilize an ordinal or a benign function name. Raises the difficulty for analysis and reverse-engineering.

DO NOT generate crashdump files, coredump files, "Blue" screens, Dr Watson or other dialog pop-ups and/or other artifacts in the event of a program crash.

(NOTE: This requires forcing a program crash during testing in order to properly verify)

Avoids suspicion by the end user and system admins, and raises the difficulty for incident response and reverse-engineering.
DO NOT perform operations that will cause the target computer to be unresponsive to the user (e.g. CPU spikes, "screen freezing", etc). Avoids unwanted attention from the user or system administrator to tool's existence and behavior.
DO make all reasonable efforts to minimize binary file size for all binaries that will be uploaded to a remote target (without the use of packers or compression). Ideal binary file sizes should be under 150KB for a fully featured tool. Shortens overall "time on air" not only to get the tool on target, but to time to execute functionality and clean-up.
DO provide a means to completely "uninstall"/"remove" implants, function hooks, injected threads, dropped files, registry keys, services, forked processes, etc whenever possible. Explicitly document (even if the documentation is  "There is no uninstall for this <feature>") the procedures, permissions required and side effects of removal. Avoids unwanted data left on target. Also, proper documentation allows operators to make better operational risk assessment and fully understand the implications of using a tool or specific feature of a tool.
DO NOT leave dates/times such as compile timestamps, linker timestamps, build times, access times, etc. that correlate to general US core working hours (i.e. 8am-6pm Eastern time) Avoids direct correlation to origination in the United States.

DO NOT have data that demonstrates CIA, USG, or its witting partner companies involvement in the creation or use of the binary/tool/etc in the binary.

Attribution of binary/tool/etc by an adversary can cause irreversible impacts to past, present and future USGUS Government operations and equities.
DO NOT have data that contains CIA cover terms or operational names in the binary. Attribution of binary/tool/etc by an adversary can cause irreversible impacts to past, present and future USGUS Government operations and equities.
DO NOT have "dirty words" (see dirty word list – TBD) in the binary. Dirty words, such as hacker terms, may cause unwarranted scrutiny of the binary file in question.

Networking

Directive Rationale

DO use end-to-end encryption for all network communications.

NEVER use networking protocols which break the end-to-end principle with respect to encryption of payloads.

Stifles network traffic analysis and avoids exposing operational/collection data.
DO NOT solely rely on SSL/TLS to secure data in transit. Numerous man-in-middle attack vectors and publicly disclosed flaws in the protocol.
DO NOT allow network traffic, such as C2 packets, to be re-playable. Protects the integrity of operational equities.

DO use ITEF RFC compliant network protocols as a blending layer. The actual data, which must be

encrypted in transit across the network, should be tunneled through a well known and standardized protocol (e.g. HTTPSHypertext Transfer Protocol Secure)

Custom protocols can stand-out to network analysts and IDS filters.

DO NOT break compliance of an RFC protocol that is being used as a blending layer.

(i.e. Wireshark should not flag the traffic as being broken or mangled)

Broken network protocols can easily stand-out in IDS filters and network analysis.

 

DO use variable size and timing (aka jitter) of beacons/network communications. DO NOT send fixed size and timing packets.

Raises the difficulty of network analysis and correlation of network activity.
DO proper cleanup of network connections. DO NOT leave around stale network connections. Raises the difficulty of network analysis and incident response.

Disk I/O

Directive Rationale

DO explicitly document the "disk footprint" on target that could be potentially created by various features of a binary/tool.

Enables better operational risk assessments with knowledge of potential file system forensic artifacts.
DO NOT read, write and/or cache data to disk unnecessarily. Be cognizant of 3rd party code that may implicitly write/cache data to disk. Lowers potential for forensic artifacts and potential signatures.
DO NOT write plain-text collection data to disk. Raises difficulty of forensic analysis.
DO encrypt all data written to disk. Disguises intent of file (collection, sensitive code, etc) and raises difficulty of forensic analysis and incident response.

DO utilize a secure erase when removing a file from disk that wipes at a minimum the file's filename, datetime stamps (create, modify and access) and its content.

(Note: The definition of "secure erase" varies from filesystem to filesystem, but at least a single pass of zeros of the data should be performed. The emphasis here is on removing all filesystem artifacts used in a forensic analysis)

Raises difficulty of forensic analysis.

DO NOT perform Disk I/O operations that will cause the disk to become unresponsive to the

user or alerting to a SysAdmin.

Avoids unwanted attention from the user or system administrator to tool's existence and behavior.
DO NOT use a "magic header/footer" for encrypted files written to disk. All encrypted files should be completely opaque data files. Avoids signaturing of custom file format's magic values.
DO NOT use hard-coded filenames or filepaths when writing files to disk. This must be configurable at deployment time by the operator. Allows operator to choose the proper filename that fits with in the operational target.
DO have a configurable maximum size limit for writing encrypted output files.

Avoids situations where a collection task can get out of control and fills the target's disk; which will draw unwanted attention to the tool and/or the operation.

Dates/Time

Directive Rationale
DO use GMT/UTC/Zulu as the time zone when comparing date/time. Provides consistent behavior and helps ensure "triggers/beacons/etc" fire when expected.
DO NOT use US-centric timestamp formats such as MM-DD-YYYY. YYYYMMDD is generally preferred. Maintains consistency across tools, and avoids associations with the United States.

PSP/AV

Directive Rationale
DO NOT assume "free" PSPPersonal Security Product (Anti-Virus) product is the same as a "retail" copy. Test on all SKUs where possible. While the PSP/AV product may come from the same vendor and appear to have the same features despite having different SKUs, they are not. Test on all SKUs where possible.

DO test PSPs with live (or recently live) internet connection where possible.

NOTE: This can be a risk vs gain balance that requires careful consideration and should not be haphazardly done with in-development software. It is well known that an PSP/AV products with a live internet connection can and do upload samples software based varying criteria (some of which are unknown).

PSP/AV products can display significant differences when connected to the internet vise not.
   
   

Encryption

NOD publishes a Cryptography standard: "(C//NF) Network Operations Division Cryptographic Requirements". Besides the guidance provided here, the requirements in that document should also be met.

Directive Rationale
   

 

 

 

SECRET//NOFORN

 

 

 

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